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This document summarizes how to perform an ultrasound scan to assess chronic venous disease in the lower limbs. It outlines the anatomy of the venous system, including the superficial and deep veins and perforating veins. It describes how to evaluate for reflux in the veins using Doppler ultrasound, and provides guidance on scanning the different areas of the lower limbs to investigate sources of reflux or varicose veins. The goal is to identify reflux or obstructions in the deep or…
Pulsed wave Doppler curves of fetal vessels. With progressing deterioration (encoded with background colors) significant changes in the end-diastolic phase of the velocity wave forms of the fetal vessels are recorded. In the umbilical artery (UA), increasing placental resistance causes progressively decreasing end-diastolic velocities, with zero or reverse flow in most advanced stages. In the middle cerebral artery (MCA), decreasing vascular resistance owing to dilation of cerebral vessels…
Cardiac rhabdomyoma is usually diagnosed in infancy, common with children having TSC. These tumors can interfere with valvular function, cause inflow or outflow tract obstruction or aberrant electrical conduction leading to heart failure or lethal arrhythmias