Urinary Retention - Causes, Diagnosis, and Treatment
What is Urinary Retention?Urinary retention is the inability to completely empty the bladder, or in acute cases, the inability to pass urine at all. It can be sudden (acute) or gradual (chronic), and it’s more common than people realize—especially in elderly men due to prostate issues. However, it can occur in all age groups, including women and children, for a wide variety of reasons. Understanding the underlying causes, risk factors, and treatment strategies is crucial for timely intervent...
Haematuria (Blood in Urine) - Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
What is Haematuria?Haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine, a potentially alarming symptom that always warrants thorough investigation. It may be visible to the naked eye (frank or gross haematuria) or only detected under a microscope (microscopic haematuria). Less commonly, haemoglobinuria—presence of free hemoglobin—can mimic haematuria. While haematuria can be painless and benign in some cases, it can also be the first warning sign of serious renal, bladder, or systemic disease. ...
Haematuria (Blood in Urine) - Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
What is Haematuria?Haematuria is the presence of blood in the urine, a potentially alarming symptom that always warrants thorough investigation. It may be visible to the naked eye (frank or gross haematuria) or only detected under a microscope (microscopic haematuria). Less commonly, haemoglobinuria—presence of free hemoglobin—can mimic haematuria. While haematuria can be painless and benign in some cases, it can also be the first warning sign of serious renal, bladder, or systemic disease. ...
Scrotal Swellings - Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
What Are Scrotal Swellings?A scrotal swelling refers to any abnormal enlargement or mass in the scrotum, which may involve the testicles, epididymis, or surrounding structures. Swellings may be painful or painless, hard or soft, and may or may not extend above the scrotum into the groin. Because some causes—like testicular torsion or tumors—require urgent medical attention, understanding the nature and cause of scrotal swelling is essential for prompt and accurate treatment.Categorizing Scro...
Scrotal Swellings - Causes, Diagnosis & Treatment
What Are Scrotal Swellings?A scrotal swelling refers to any abnormal enlargement or mass in the scrotum, which may involve the testicles, epididymis, or surrounding structures. Swellings may be painful or painless, hard or soft, and may or may not extend above the scrotum into the groin. Because some causes—like testicular torsion or tumors—require urgent medical attention, understanding the nature and cause of scrotal swelling is essential for prompt and accurate treatment.Categorizing Scro...
Stomas and Surgical Incisions - Types, Care & Complications
What is a Stoma?A stoma is an artificially created opening from a hollow internal organ (like the intestine or urinary tract) to the surface of the body, usually through the abdominal wall. It allows the elimination of bodily waste when normal passage through the rectum or urethra is not possible.Common types include: Ileostomy: From the small intestineColostomy: From the large intestineUrostomy: From the urinary tract (ileal conduit)Gastrostomy: Into the stomach for feedingTypes of Stomas...
General Anaesthesia - Types, Procedure & Recovery
General anaesthesia (GA) is a critical component of modern surgical practice, enabling patients to undergo complex procedures without awareness or pain. But what really happens from the time you enter the OT to the moment you regain consciousness?In this guide, we break down the types of anaesthesia, pre-operative assessment, techniques used, key monitoring methods, and the innovative ERAS protocols aimed at improving recovery. What Is General Anaesthesia? General anaesthesia induces a contro...
General Anaesthesia - Types, Procedure & Recovery
General anaesthesia (GA) is a critical component of modern surgical practice, enabling patients to undergo complex procedures without awareness or pain. But what really happens from the time you enter the OT to the moment you regain consciousness?In this guide, we break down the types of anaesthesia, pre-operative assessment, techniques used, key monitoring methods, and the innovative ERAS protocols aimed at improving recovery. What Is General Anaesthesia? General anaesthesia induces a contro...
Regional Anaesthesia - Types, Blocks, Drugs, and Postoperative Pain Control
Modern surgery isn't just about the scalpel—it's about comfort, safety, and fast recovery. Regional anaesthesia (RA) has become a cornerstone in delivering effective, localized pain relief with minimal side effects. Unlike general anaesthesia, which affects the entire body, RA targets specific nerves, allowing patients to remain awake, recover faster, and avoid many systemic risks. This article explores types of regional anaesthesia, key drug choices, nerve blocks, sedation protocols, and pos...
Regional Anaesthesia - Types, Blocks, Drugs, and Postoperative Pain Control
Modern surgery isn't just about the scalpel—it's about comfort, safety, and fast recovery. Regional anaesthesia (RA) has become a cornerstone in delivering effective, localized pain relief with minimal side effects. Unlike general anaesthesia, which affects the entire body, RA targets specific nerves, allowing patients to remain awake, recover faster, and avoid many systemic risks. This article explores types of regional anaesthesia, key drug choices, nerve blocks, sedation protocols, and pos...
Hypoxia - Causes, Symptoms, Types & Management
Hypoxia is a life-threatening condition that disrupts the body's oxygen supply. Whether it’s a patient post-surgery or someone with lung disease, understanding hypoxia can be the difference between quick intervention and fatal delay.This detailed, humanized guide walks you through what hypoxia is, its causes (general and post-operative), how it presents clinically, and how to manage it effectively.What Is Hypoxia?Hypoxia is defined as a lack of oxygen supply to the tissues. It is often confus...
Hypoxia - Causes, Symptoms, Types & Management
Hypoxia is a life-threatening condition that disrupts the body's oxygen supply. Whether it’s a patient post-surgery or someone with lung disease, understanding hypoxia can be the difference between quick intervention and fatal delay.This detailed, humanized guide walks you through what hypoxia is, its causes (general and post-operative), how it presents clinically, and how to manage it effectively.What Is Hypoxia?Hypoxia is defined as a lack of oxygen supply to the tissues. It is often confus...
Leg Ulceration - Causes, Types, Diagnosis & Treatment
Leg ulcers are a common and complex clinical challenge that affect the lower limbs—most often below the knee and on the feet. These wounds, which arise due to poor blood flow, pressure, or injury, can cause chronic discomfort, infection, and reduced mobility.Whether you're a medical student, healthcare professional, or patient trying to understand chronic wounds better, this comprehensive guide will help you recognize the different causes of leg ulceration, interpret their appearance, and ide...
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